Cortical hierarchy

Cortical information processing is structurally and functionally organized into hierarchical pathways, with oosound sensory cortical hierarchy regions providing modality specific information and associative cortical regions playing a more integrative role, cortical hierarchy. Historically, there has been debate as to whether primary cortical regions mature earlier than associative cortical regions, or whether both primary and associative cortical regions mature simultaneously, cortical hierarchy. Identifying whether primary and associative cortical regions mature hierarchically or simultaneously will not only deepen our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate brain maturation, but it will also provide fundamental insight into aspects of adolescent behavior, learning, neurodevelopmental disorders and computational models of neural processing.

Thank you for visiting nature. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. Brains are composed of anatomically and functionally distinct regions performing specialized tasks, but regions do not operate in isolation. Orchestration of complex behaviors requires communication between brain regions, but how neural dynamics are organized to facilitate reliable transmission is not well understood. Here we studied this process directly by generating neural activity that propagates between brain regions and drives behavior, assessing how neural populations in sensory cortex cooperate to transmit information.

Cortical hierarchy

Many studies have identified the role of localized and distributed cognitive functionality by mapping either local task-related activity or distributed functional connectivity FC. However, few studies have directly explored the relationship between a brain region's localized task activity and its distributed task FC. Here we systematically evaluated the differential contributions of task-related activity and FC changes to identify a relationship between localized and distributed processes across the cortical hierarchy. We found that across multiple tasks, the magnitude of regional task-evoked activity was high in unimodal areas, but low in transmodal areas. In contrast, we found that task-state FC was significantly reduced in unimodal areas relative to transmodal areas. This revealed a strong negative relationship between localized task activity and distributed FC across cortical regions that was associated with the previously reported principal gradient of macroscale organization. Moreover, this dissociation corresponded to hierarchical cortical differences in the intrinsic timescale estimated from resting-state fMRI and region myelin content estimated from structural MRI. Together, our results contribute to a growing literature illustrating the differential contributions of a hierarchical cortical gradient representing localized and distributed cognitive processes. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Abstract Many studies have identified the role of localized and distributed cognitive functionality by mapping either local task-related activity or distributed functional connectivity FC. Publication types Research Support, N.

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A fundamental aspect of human experience is that it is segmented into discrete events. This may be underpinned by transitions between distinct neural states. Using an innovative data-driven state segmentation method, we investigate how neural states are organized across the cortical hierarchy and where in the cortex neural state boundaries and perceived event boundaries overlap. Our results show that neural state boundaries are organized in a temporal cortical hierarchy, with short states in primary sensory regions, and long states in lateral and medial prefrontal cortex. State boundaries are shared within and between groups of brain regions that resemble well-known functional networks.

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October Learn More or Try it out now. Author contribution. Hierarchy is a major organizational principle of the cortex and underscores modern computational theories of cortical function. The local microcircuit amplifies long-distance inter-areal input, which show distance-dependent changes in their laminar profiles.

Cortical hierarchy

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October

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The majority of this energy expenditure is derived from re-establishing electrochemical gradients as a result of neuronal and synaptic network activity Attwell and Laughlin, ; Harris et al. Asian Politics. Ecology and Conservation. Tax Law. Suite2p: beyond 10, neurons with standard two-photon microscopy. Natural world, Country Life, and Pets. We pass them along to you here, but you should view these as optional. D The difference between each pair of searchlights in median state length was markedly different from the relative boundary overlap shown in A , showing that the boundary overlap between different regions was not just due to regional differences in the optimal number of states. Regional and National History. Classical Reception. Although the exact regions vary across studies, commonly identified regions include the precuneus and medial visual cortex, as well as area V5 and the intraparietal sulcus Kurby and Zacks, ; Speer et al.

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Religious Studies. Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Finally, we would expect that state boundaries are most strongly shared between groups of brain regions involved in similar cognitive functions i. This ensures that the overlap cannot be caused by noise shared across brain regions. The cost of cortical computation. Both overlap measures were scaled with respect to the expected number of overlapping boundaries. That is, event boundaries are perceived when predictions become less accurate, which can be due to a change in motion or features of the situation such as characters, causes, goals, and spatial location Zacks et al. Ecology and Conservation. Energy Technology. If noise reduction is the cause of the increase in overlap with event boundaries, we should expect the difference between shared and non-shared boundaries to be largest in the smaller independent subgroups where there is the most to be gained from noise reduction. When a new event type is detected, an event boundary occurs Shin and DuBrow, Linguistic Theories. Precise holographic manipulation of olfactory circuits reveals coding features determining perceptual detection. The bar shows the mean across searchlights, while the error bar shows the standard error.