Long non coding rna

U.gg Cancer volume 10Article number: 38 Cite this article. Metrics details, long non coding rna. Long non-coding RNAs lncRNAs are emerging as new players in the cancer paradigm demonstrating potential roles in both oncogenic and tumor suppressive pathways.

Thank you for visiting nature. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. The various functions of lncRNAs and their many isoforms and interleaved relationships with other genes make lncRNA classification and annotation difficult. Most lncRNAs evolve more rapidly than protein-coding sequences, are cell type specific and regulate many aspects of cell differentiation and development and other physiological processes.

Long non coding rna

The development and application of whole genome sequencing technology has greatly broadened our horizons on the capabilities of long non-coding RNAs lncRNAs. LncRNAs are more than nucleotides in length and lack protein-coding potential. Increasing evidence indicates that lncRNAs exert an irreplaceable role in tumor initiation, progression, as well as metastasis, and are novel molecular biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of cancer patients. Furthermore, lncRNAs and the pathways they influence might represent promising therapeutic targets for a number of tumors. Here, we discuss the recent advances in understanding of the specific regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs. We focused on the signal, decoy, guide, and scaffold functions of lncRNAs at the epigenetic, transcription, and post-transcription levels in cancer cells. Additionally, we summarize the research strategies used to investigate the roles of lncRNAs in tumors, including lncRNAs screening, lncRNAs characteristic analyses, functional studies, and molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs. This review will provide a short but comprehensive description of the lncRNA functions in tumor development and progression, thus accelerating the clinical implementation of lncRNAs as tumor biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Cancer is a complex disease associated with multiple genetic mutations. Over the past few decades, oncogenes such as Src and Ras have been discovered, and the functions of their encoded proteins have been elucidated. While cancer awareness is gradually increasing worldwide, the current focus is still concentrated on the DNA sequence responsible for the abnormal protein synthesis. With the widespread application of next-generation sequencing NGS technology, a large number of non-coding genes have been identified and found to be strongly associated with tumor development and progression. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to understand the underlying mechanism through which non-coding genes influence the tumorigenic process. In , the central position of RNA in the flow of genetic information was revealed 1 and in the following 50 years, the emergence of whole-genome sequencing technology has greatly accelerated our understanding of both coding and non-coding RNAs ncRNAs 2 , 3.

Uroda, T. Genome regulation by polycomb and trithorax proteins. In either case, the precise functional and biological role of H19 remains to be determined.

Long non-coding transcripts are found in many species. It has been suggested through multiple studies that testis , [8] and neural tissues express the greatest amount of long non-coding RNAs of any tissue type. In comparison to mammals relatively few studies have focused on the prevalence of lncRNAs in plants. In the landscape of the mammalian genome was described as numerous 'foci' of transcription that are separated by long stretches of intergenic space. The GENCODE consortium has collated and analysed a comprehensive set of human lncRNA annotations and their genomic organisation, modifications, cellular locations and tissue expression profiles. There has been considerable debate about whether lncRNAs have been misannotated and do in fact encode proteins. Several lncRNAs have been found to in fact encode for peptides with biologically significant function.

Thank you for visiting nature. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. Amongst the most promising targets are long non-coding RNAs lncRNAs , which regulate oncogenic molecular networks in a cell type-restricted manner. Advances in genome editing, oligonucleotide chemistry, multi-omics and RNA engineering are paving the way for efficient and cost-effective lncRNA-focused drug discovery pipelines. We outline the necessary steps for lncRNA therapeutics to deliver effective, durable, tolerable and personalized treatments for cancer. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Sung, H.

Long non coding rna

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Recent RNA sequencing studies have revealed that most of the human genome is transcribed, but very little of the total transcriptomes has the ability to encode proteins. Recent recognition about lncRNAs highlights their effects in many biological and pathological processes. LncRNAs are dysfunctional in a variety of human diseases varying from cancerous to non-cancerous diseases.

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Science , aab Tang et al. Cell Physiol Biochem 54 1 — Kapranov, P. PMID Epigenetic modifications of chromatin supervise differentiation and development in complex organisms Recent evidence has raised the possibility that transcription of genes that escape from X-inactivation might be mediated by expression of long non-coding RNA within the escaping chromosomal domains. Dieci, G. Moreover, the high expression of lncRNA H19 is due to the decreased methylation level of the CpG islands in the promoter region Proposed mechanism of HULC upregulation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Google Scholar. BMC Genomics 9 , Wassarman, K.

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For example, the noncoding RNA Evf-2 functions as a co-activator for the homeobox transcription factor Dlx2 , which plays important roles in forebrain development and neurogenesis. Cancer Cell. Timeline of cancer-associated ncRNA discoveries relative to transcriptome analysis technologies not drawn to scale. A LncRNAs as signal molecules can be used alone or combined with some proteins such as transcription factors to mediate the transcription of downstream genes; B LncRNAs as decoy molecules bind to some functional protein molecules to block the protein molecules from regulating DNA and mRNA molecules or bind to miRNA molecules competitively with mRNA molecules to block the inhibitory effect of miRNA on mRNA molecules; C LncRNAs as guide molecules carries some functional protein molecules and locates them in the target area to perform functions; D LncRNAs as a scaffold molecule guide related different types of macromolecular complexes to assemble in the target area to work together. The determination of lncRNA localization, structure—function relationships and interactions using a range of sequencing, chemical probing, imaging methods , , , and cryogenic electron microscopy Nakagawa, S. Furthermore, the correlation between the lncRNA expression and clinical indicators would be determined, thus identifying the importance of the candidate lncRNAs in clinical diagnosis and treatment. Here, we discuss the recent advances in understanding of the specific regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs. Romero-Barrios, N. Genome Research. RNP condensates also include cytoplasmic membraneless organelles such as P-granules , , subcellular-localized translational messenger RNP assemblies and synaptic compartments , , Splicing regulation by long noncoding RNAs. Transcription organizes euchromatin via microphase separation. Discovery of active enhancers through bidirectional expression of short transcripts.